Colonialism And Its Effects On The Colonization Of Foreign...

Colonialism is broadly defined and universally acknowledged as the process of occupying and gaining control over foreign lands. This process has been associated with the political expansion of countries as well as the immense oppression of indigenous peoples. The main question that guided the research for this literature review is how were European settlers successful in colonizing indigenous lands? This question is instructive as to which methods western colonizers utilized were most effective in invading foreign lands and decimating the existence of the host culture. Responses to this question allow for the analysis of imperialist systems as well as their enduring effects, in order to indicate and dismantle the presence of these oppressive practices in todayÊ »s society. The literature that examines the process of colonization discuss these methods in three major categories; coercion through violence and decline in population, trade and economic development, and cultural decimatio n. The first argument discusses the coercion of the native people to accommodate the desires of the western settlers through violence and the reduction of their population. The second theory asserts that colonialism was achieved through capitalist efforts to develop native economies and establishing trade relations. The final theory argues that the elimination of the native identity, culture, religion, and language through religious conversion and western instruction is the most integral component

The Final Stages Of World WAr II In 1945 Free Essays

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After six months of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities the Japanese government ignored an ultimatum given by the Potsdam Declaration. By executive order of President Harry S. We will write a custom essay sample on The Final Stages Of World WAr II In 1945 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Truman the U. S. dropped the nuclear weapon â€Å"Little Boy† on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945,[1][2] followed by the detonation of â€Å"Fat Man† over Nagasaki on August 9. These are the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. [3] Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki,[4] with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. A plausible estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15–20% died from radiation sickness, 20–30% from flash burns, and 50–60% from other injuries, compounded by illness. [5] Since then, more have died from leukemia (231 observed) and solid cancers (334 observed) attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. [6] In both cities, most of the dead were civilians. [7][8][9] Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. Germany had signed its unavoidable[2] Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament. [10] The role of the bombings in Japan’s surrender and the U. S. ‘s ethical justification for them is still debated. [11] How to cite The Final Stages Of World WAr II In 1945, Essays

Compare and Contrast Three Codes free essay sample

The increase in the number of practicing psychologists and the fields in which they are employed worldwide necessitates the assurance that the highest ethical standards are abided by to protect the welfare of the client, student, organisation and profession. One definition of professional ethics states that it concerns ones conduct of behaviour and practice when carrying out professional work. Such work may include consulting, researching, teaching and writing. The institutionalisation of Codes of Conduct and Codes of Practice is common with many professional bodies for their members to adhere to. A professional possesses special knowledge and expertise in his particular field and as a result they are expected to make informed ethical decisions. With knowledge comes power and responsibility and as a result many professionals are expected to abide by their respective professional body’s code of ethics. A code of ethics simply outlines the responsibilities and ideals of a profession. These codes not only seek to protect the client but also aim to preserve the integrity profession. Failure to abide by these codes of ethics may result in disciplinary action (banning or license suspension) from the governing professional body. Whilst having an established code of ethics aids in the distinction between right and wrong, each situation which professionals may encounter will be unique. The professional’s interpretation of the code of ethics is what may be the impetus for the ethical decision made. Sometimes the ethical code outlined may not be applicable, feasible or even culturally relevant. Therefore the reality of the situation is that even though codes of ethics seek to establish universal standards which professionals should abide by, many times there heterogeneous aspects involved in the actual practice of the profession and standard rules and regulations may not always be helpful when deciding what is best for the client. The aim of an ethical code regardless of its country of origon is to provide practice guidelines for the professional to not necessarily follow to the letter but to use as a reference point, for xample when starting out as a student the Codes and the accompanying guidelines serve to educate with regards to protocol and procedures expected by the discipline. One example of this is with regards to the storing of client’s records. During the process of becoming a practicing psychologist the aim therefore is to become familiar with the code and accompanying guidelines to guide practice and to use it as a reference point when ethical dilemmas ar ise. The content and language used in ethics codes can differ between countries which for example, can be accounted for by the type of society, individualistic or collectivistic, and their values. With this in mind the aim of this piece of work is to compare and contrast three codes from similar societies; Australia (APS), Great Britian (BPS) and the United States of America (APA) beginning with a brief comparison of the structure of the code and the nature of the languge used leading to an in depth analysis of the content of the three codes with regards to potential issues that may arise for the newly qualified psychologist. Each of the codes introduces the reader to the code and its applicability to the profession in the introduction and preamble, the APS also includes an explanation of the terms used within the code. The BPS contains a section called ‘Decision Making’ in which they identify the most common areas (according to members) where and in which situations ethical dilemmas most frequently arise, the APA deals with resolving ethical issues within the content of the ethical standards likewise with the APS no specific section deals with decision making so to speak, each potential source of ethical dilemmas are dealt with in their relevant section of the code. The language used witin the code directed at the professional is indicctive of the nature of the code, both the APA and the APS begin each sentence with â€Å"Psychologists† suggesting that is what they should aspire to, in contrast to this the BPS directs the psychologist by saying that the â€Å"Psychologists should and must†. General Principles The codes vary slightly with the number of General Principles within each, whic are as follows; APA; A Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples B Propriety C Integrity BPS; 1: Respect 2: Competence : Responsibility 4: Integrity APA: A: Beneficience and Nonmaleficience B: Fidelity and Responsibility C: Integrity D: Justice E: Respect for people’s rights and dignity Each general principle is preceeded by an ‘explanatory statement’ (APS) or a ‘Statement of values’ (BPS). In contrast the APA prior to the ethical standards presents an explanatory paragraph for each of the general pri nciples. Additionally, the APA gives reference to associated standards for example standard 6. 01 (regarding documentation of records) gives reference to standard 4. 1(maintaining confidentiality) to be taken into consideration when making ethical decisions. The APS makes reference to associated standards to give meaning to the standard being described. Although it is essential that practising psychologists have a thorough understanding of the code and the associated guidelines there are a number of issues that a newly qualified psychologist needs to know in depth, these are pertaining to; record keeping, competence, informed consent, multiple relationships, confidentiality and the administration of psychological tests and assessments. Record Keeping